ABSTRACT
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da adição de inulina (I) e a substituição parcial da gordura do leite (G) pelo concentrado de proteína de soro de leite (WPC) sobre a sobrevivência dos probióticos Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM e Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 em sorvete de graviola com teor reduzido de gordura, ao longo do período de armazenamento e frente às condições encontradas no trato gastrointestinal (TGI) simuladas in vitro. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a influência desses ingredientes (6% I; 1,5% WPC; 3% e 1,5% G) sobre as características tecnológicas e a aceitabilidade do sorvete funcional. Empregou-se um planejamento fatorial 22, para 4 formulações produzidas, em triplicata, totalizando 12 ensaios: F1- controle (- I, - WPC); F2 (+ I, - WPC); F3 (- I, + WPC) e F4 (+ I, + WPC). Todas as formulações foram armazenadas a -18±3ºC e avaliadas após 2, 28, 56, 84 e 112 dias de armazenamento. A determinação das características tecnológicas foi realizada com as análises de dureza instrumental (em analisador de textura TA-XT2), fração de derretimento, overrun (durante a elaboração do produto) e perfil lipídico. Para o teste de aceitabilidade do produto, utilizou-se uma escala hedônica estruturada de 9 pontos. Elevada viabilidade probiótica foi observada para todas as formulações, com médias de populações acima de 8,0 log UFC/g, não diferindo significativamente durante o armazenamento de 112 dias (p>0,05). B. animalis subsp. lactis HN019 apresentou uma maior resistência em relação a L. acidophilus NCFM quando submetido aos sucos gastrointestinais artificiais, uma vez que a população de NCFM e de HN019 diminuíram, respectivamente, cerca de 5,2 log UFC/g e de 1,2 log UFC/g, durante o armazenamento. O efeito protetor do WPC e/ou I sobre a resistência de L. acidophilus aos sucos gastrointestinais artificiais foi observada no 56º dia e, para B. animalis subsp. lactis no 2º dia de armazenamento (p<0,05). Os sorvetes com WPC apresentaram menores valores de dureza, aos 7º e 112º dias de estocagem (p<0,05). A adição de inulina influenciou no aumento da dureza para F2 após 56 dias e para F4 durante todo período de armazenamento (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram, também, que a presença do WPC e/ou inulina reduziu a velocidade de derretimento dos sorvetes durante todo o armazenamento (p<0,05). Elevados escores médios (entre 6,8 e 8,0) foram obtidos no teste de aceitabilidade sensorial dos sorvetes probióticos, indicando excelente aceitação pelos consumidores e não diferiram significativamente durante o armazenamento de até 84 dias. Já para F4, a adição do WPC + I aumentou a aceitação do produto após 56 dias (p<0,05). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a utilização do WPC como substituto parcial da gordura láctea separadamente ou combinada com a inulina pode ser vantajosa no desenvolvimento de sorvete probiótico com baixo teor de gordura, uma vez que a presença desses ingredientes desempenhou um papel importante na proteção dos probióticos contra o efeito dos fluidos gastrointestinais nos testes in vitro. Além deste efeito protetor, a utilização da inulina e WPC também melhorou as características tecnológicas e sensoriais do sorvete funcional reduzido de gordura
This study aimed to assess the effect of the addition of inulin (I) and the partial substitution of the milk fat (MF) by whey protein concentrate (WPC) on Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 viability incorporated in low fat graviola (Annona muricata L.) ice-cream and on probiotic survival under in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions throughout 112 days of storage. Moreover, the influence of these ingredients (6% I; 1,5% WPC; 3% and 1,5% MF) on the functional ice-cream technological and sensorial features was also evaluated. Employing a 22 factorial design, four formulations were produced, in triplicates: F1- control (- I, - WPC); F2 (+ I, - WPC); F3 (- I, + WPC) and F4 (+ I, + WPC). The product were stored at -18±3ºC and analyzed after 2, 28, 56, 84, and 112 days of storage. Ice-creams from each trial were used for determination of L. acidophilus and B. animalis subsp. lactis viability in the products and survival in ice-creams submitted to gastrointestinal simulated conditions during storage at -18±3ºC for up to 112 days. For the determination of technological features, instrumental hardness (in TA-XT2 Texture Analyser), melting rate, overrun (during production), and lipid profile were determined. For sensory acceptability evaluation, a 9 point hedonic scale was used. High probiotic viability was observed for all formulations, with mean populations above 8.0 cfu/g and which did not differ significantly throughout 112 days of storage (p>0.05). B. animalis subsp. lactis HN019 resistance to the artificial gastrointestinal juices was higher than for L. acidophilus NCFM, since the NCFM and the HN019 populations decreased approximately 5.2 log cfu/g and 1.2 log cfu/g, respectively, throughout storage. The protective effect of WPC and/or WPC + I on the L. acidophilus resistance to artificial gastrointestinal juices was observed on the 56th day and for B. animalis subsp. lactis on the 2nd day of storage (p<0.05). The ice-creams with WPC presented lower hardness in the 7th and 112nd days of frozen storage (p<0.05). The addition of inulin led to an incresed hardnes for F2 after 56 days and for F4 during the whole storage (p<0.05). The results also showed that the presence of the WPC and/or inulin reduced the ice-creams melting rates during the whole storage (p<0.05). The high mean scores obtained (between 6.8 and 8.0) in the acceptability test indicated that the functional ice-creams evaluated were very well accepted, and did not differ significantly throughout storage of up to 84 days. Except for F4, the addition of the WPC + I improved the acceptability after 56th days of frozen storage (p<0.05). The results suggest that the use of WPC for the partial substitution of the milk fat separately or combined with inulin may be advantageous in the development of low-fat synbiotic ice-cream, since the presence of these ingredients played an important role in the probiotic protection against gastrointestinal juices in the in vitro simulated assays. Besides these protective effects, inulin and WPC also improved the technological and sensory features of the low-fat functional ice-cream
Subject(s)
Probiotics/pharmacology , Annona/adverse effects , Synbiotics , Ice Cream/analysis , Bifidobacterium/isolation & purification , In Vitro Techniques/methods , Functional Food , Food Technology/methods , Inulin/administration & dosage , Lactobacillus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Inadvertent intake of inorganic arsenic and chromium through drinking water and food causing their toxic insults is a major health problem. Intestinal bacteria including Lactobacilli play important regulatory roles on intestinal homeostasis, and their loss is known to cause gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Probiotic Lactobacilli resistance to arsenite and chromium-VI could be an important factor for the perspective attenuation of GI-disorders caused by these toxic metals/metalloid. In the present study resistance of arsenite (up to 32 ppm), Cr-VI (up to 64 ppm), and arsenite plus Cr-VI (32 ppm each) were developed under in vitro condition following chronological chronic exposures in Lactobacilli strains. Comparative study of biochemical parameters such as membrane transport enzymes and structural constituents; dehydrogenase and esterase activity tests, which are respective indicators for respiratory and energy producing processes, and the general heterotrophic activity of cells, of resistant strains showed similarities with their respective normal parent strains. The resistant strains were also found to be sensitive to antibiotics. Findings indicate that these resistant probiotic Lactobacilli would be useful in the prophylactic interventions of arsenic and chromium GI-toxicity.
ABSTRACT
A partial surveillance of bacterial in vitro susceptibility to antibiotics, performed by a outpatient clinic, at Santiago, Chile, during year 2007, has yielded the following results: Staphylococcus aureus (n: 232) 3 percent of methicillin (oxacillin) resistance; Streptococcus pyogenes (n: 120) 6 percent of macrolides resistance; Haemophilus influenzae nt (n: 60) 12 percent of ampicillin and 3 percent of chloramphenicol resistance; Neisseria gonorrhoeae (n: 170): 78 percent of penicillin, 56 percent of tetracyclin and 32 percent of ciprofloxacin resistance; Escherichia coli obtained from uriñe: (adults n: 3.066, children n: 260) 27-28 percent of sulpha-trimethoprim resistance, 15 percent (children) -21 percent (adults) of cefadroxil resistance.
Una vigilancia parcial de la susceptibilidad bacteriana a antimicrobianos en la comunidad de Santiago, Chile, en el año 2007, efectuada por un centro de atención ambulatoria, ha dado las siguiente frecuencia de resistencia in vitro: Staphylococcus aureus (n: 232) 3 por ciento a meticilina (cloxacilina); Streptococcus pyogenes (n: 120) 6 por ciento a macrólidos; Haemophilus influenzae nt (n: 60) 12 por ciento a ampicilina y 3 por ciento a cloranfenicol; Neisseria gonorrhoeae (n: 170): 78 por ciento a penicilina, 56 por ciento a tetraciclina y 32 por ciento a ciprofloxacina; Escherichia coli uropatógenas: (adultos n: 3.066, niños n: 260) 27-28 por ciento a cotrimoxazol, 15 por ciento (niños) -21 por ciento (adultos) a cefadroxilo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Chile , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Population Surveillance , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
Se determinó la susceptibilidad antifúngica in vitro de 78 cepas de levaduras aisladas de mujeres de la ciudad de Maringá/Paraná, Brasil, con candidiasis vulvovaginal (CVV), atendidas en el Laboratorio de Enseñanza e Investigación en Análisis Clínicos (LEPAC) de la Universidad Estatal de Maringá, desde el 1 de enero 2005 al 31 de diciembre 2006. Su sensibilidad in vitro fue investigada por el método de microdilución frente a ketoconazol (KETO), fluconazol (FLU), itraconazol (ITRA), nistatina (NIS) y anfotericina B (AMB). Para KETO, 41,5% de las cepas de C. albicans y 96% de Candida no-albicans presentaron resistencia (100% de C. glabrata) y para FLU solamente el 3,8% de los aislamientos de C. albicans y el 8,0% de C. glabrata fueron resistentes. Sólo 1,9% de las cepas de C. albicans y 20% de las de C. no-albicans fueron resistentes a ITRA y el 5,7% de las C. albicans y el 8% de las C. no-albicans (sólo C. glabrata) fueron resistentes a AMB. No hubo aislamientos resistentes a NIST, pero sí una elevada frecuencia de sensibilidad dosis dependiente "in vitro". Estos datos avalan la creciente necesidad de la realización de pruebas de identificación y susceptibilidad in vitro a los antifúngicos para establecer el correcto tratamiento de la CVV.
In vitro antifungal susceptibility was determined in the 78 yeasts isolated from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) from the city of Maringá/Parana/Brazil, assisted in the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Clinical Analysis of the State University of Maringá, from 01 January 2005 to December 31, 2006. Its sensibility in vitro was tested according to microdilution method in front of ketoconazol (KETO), fluconazole (FLU), itraconazole (ITRA), nistatin (NIS) and amphotericin B (AMB). For KET, 41.5% of the C. albicans and 96.0% of the C. non-albicans showed resistance (100.0% of C. glabrata) and for FLU, only 3.8% of the isolates of C. albicans and 8.0% of C. glabrata showed resistance. Only 1.9% of the C. albicans and 20% of the C. no-albicans were resistant. For AMB, 5.7% of the C. albicans and 8% of the C. no-albicans (only C. glabrata), were resistant. There were no isolations resistant from NIST, however, there was a high frequency of dose-dependent sensibility (SDD) in vitro. These data makes it possible to confirm the growing necessity of the performance of identification tests and in vitro antifungal susceptibility to antifungals to establish the correct treatment of CVV.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal/therapy , Drug Resistance, Fungal , In Vitro Techniques , Brazil , Candida albicans , Fluconazole , Ketoconazole , Antifungal AgentsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Emergence of pneumococcal resistance became a global issue since 1990s. According to the ANSORP studies with clinical isolates and carriage isolates between 1996 and 1999, some Asian countries showed alarmingly high prevalence of resistance to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents. To investigate the changing trends of pneumococcal resistance, ANSORP study group has performed a multinational surveillance study with invasive pneumococcal isolates from Asian countries. METHODS: All isolates from various invasive pneumococcal diseases were prospectively collected from 14 centers in 12 countries between November 1999 to August 2001. Broth microdilution tests with 16 antimicrobial agents were performed according to the NCCLS procedures. Serotyping was performed by means of Quelling reaction with use of group-specific antisera. RESULTS: A total of 685 isolates were collected. Overall, 52.4% of invasive isolates from Asian countries were not susceptible to penicillin (intermediate (I), 22.9%; Resistant (R), 29.5%). Vietnam showed the highest prevalence of penicillin non-susceptibility (I 20.6%, R 71.4%) followed by Sri Lanka (I 71.4%, R 14.3%), Hong Kong (I 24.1%, R 76%) and Korea (I 9.7%, R 54.8%). China (I 19.8%, R 23.4%) and Malaysia (I 9.1%, R 29.5%) also showed remarkable increase in penicillin resistance compared with previous ANSORP data, which were less than 10%. Vietnam (92.1%), Taiwan (87.7%), Korea (80.6%), and Hong Kong (76.8%) showed high prevalence of erythromycin resistance. MIC90s for ciprofloxacin were 4 microgram/mL (Hong Kong) and 2 microgram/mL (11 Asian countries except Hong Kong), respectively. CONCLUSION: Compared with previous data from ANSORP studies, antimicrobial resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates has markedly increased in Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, China, and Malaysia. Continuous surveillance of pneumococcal resistance in Asia is strongly warranted.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Infective Agents , Asia , Asian People , China , Ciprofloxacin , Erythromycin , Hong Kong , Immune Sera , Korea , Malaysia , Penicillin Resistance , Penicillins , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Serotyping , Sri Lanka , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Taiwan , VietnamABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Emergence of pneumococcal resistance became a global issue since 1990s. According to the ANSORP studies with clinical isolates and carriage isolates between 1996 and 1999, some Asian countries showed alarmingly high prevalence of resistance to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents. To investigate the changing trends of pneumococcal resistance, ANSORP study group has performed a multinational surveillance study with invasive pneumococcal isolates from Asian countries. METHODS: All isolates from various invasive pneumococcal diseases were prospectively collected from 14 centers in 12 countries between November 1999 to August 2001. Broth microdilution tests with 16 antimicrobial agents were performed according to the NCCLS procedures. Serotyping was performed by means of Quelling reaction with use of group-specific antisera. RESULTS: A total of 685 isolates were collected. Overall, 52.4% of invasive isolates from Asian countries were not susceptible to penicillin (intermediate (I), 22.9%; Resistant (R), 29.5%). Vietnam showed the highest prevalence of penicillin non-susceptibility (I 20.6%, R 71.4%) followed by Sri Lanka (I 71.4%, R 14.3%), Hong Kong (I 24.1%, R 76%) and Korea (I 9.7%, R 54.8%). China (I 19.8%, R 23.4%) and Malaysia (I 9.1%, R 29.5%) also showed remarkable increase in penicillin resistance compared with previous ANSORP data, which were less than 10%. Vietnam (92.1%), Taiwan (87.7%), Korea (80.6%), and Hong Kong (76.8%) showed high prevalence of erythromycin resistance. MIC90s for ciprofloxacin were 4 microgram/mL (Hong Kong) and 2 microgram/mL (11 Asian countries except Hong Kong), respectively. CONCLUSION: Compared with previous data from ANSORP studies, antimicrobial resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates has markedly increased in Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, China, and Malaysia. Continuous surveillance of pneumococcal resistance in Asia is strongly warranted.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Infective Agents , Asia , Asian People , China , Ciprofloxacin , Erythromycin , Hong Kong , Immune Sera , Korea , Malaysia , Penicillin Resistance , Penicillins , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Serotyping , Sri Lanka , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Taiwan , VietnamABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread emergence of antimicrobial resistance among pneumococcal strains worldwide, clinical implications of in vitro resistance still remain an open question. To evaluate the clinical impact of pneumococcal resistance in Asian countries where the prevalence of pneumococcal resistance was reported to be highest in the world, ANSORP has performed a prospective, multinational surveillance study with cases with invasive pneumococcal diseases in Asian countries. METHODS: In vitro susceptibility of pneumococcal isolates was determined by broth microdilution tests with 16 antimicrobial agents. All enrolled cases of pneumococcal infections were analyzed with regard to demographic data, clinical features, risk factors and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 646 patients with pneumococcal infections were enrolled from 14 centers in 12 countries between the period from November 1999 to August 2001. Pneumonia (58.4%) was the most common clinical disease followed by bacteremia (33.4%), otitis media (10.4%), and meningitis (10.2%). Among 646 isolates, 347 (53.7%) were penicillin non-susceptible (intermediate 23.1%, resistant 30.7%). MIC90s for penicillin ranged from 0.03 (India) to 4.0 microgram/mL (Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Hong Kong). Overall mortality from pneumococcal diseases by penicillin non-susceptible strains was not different from that by susceptible strains. Pneumococcal pneumonia caused by penicillin- or erythromycin-resistant strains showed similar mortality, severity of illness, or complications to that by susceptible strains. Mortality from pneumococcal meningitis caused by penicillin non-susceptible strains was also similar to that by susceptible strains. CONCLUSION: Data suggest that current situation of in vitro resistance to penicillin or macrolides may not affect the mortality from pneumococal pneumonia or meningitis caused by antibiotic-resistant strains.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Infective Agents , Asian People , Bacteremia , Macrolides , Meningitis , Meningitis, Pneumococcal , Mortality , Otitis Media , Penicillins , Pneumococcal Infections , Pneumonia , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Taiwan , VietnamABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread emergence of antimicrobial resistance among pneumococcal strains worldwide, clinical implications of in vitro resistance still remain an open question. To evaluate the clinical impact of pneumococcal resistance in Asian countries where the prevalence of pneumococcal resistance was reported to be highest in the world, ANSORP has performed a prospective, multinational surveillance study with cases with invasive pneumococcal diseases in Asian countries. METHODS: In vitro susceptibility of pneumococcal isolates was determined by broth microdilution tests with 16 antimicrobial agents. All enrolled cases of pneumococcal infections were analyzed with regard to demographic data, clinical features, risk factors and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 646 patients with pneumococcal infections were enrolled from 14 centers in 12 countries between the period from November 1999 to August 2001. Pneumonia (58.4%) was the most common clinical disease followed by bacteremia (33.4%), otitis media (10.4%), and meningitis (10.2%). Among 646 isolates, 347 (53.7%) were penicillin non-susceptible (intermediate 23.1%, resistant 30.7%). MIC90s for penicillin ranged from 0.03 (India) to 4.0 microgram/mL (Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Hong Kong). Overall mortality from pneumococcal diseases by penicillin non-susceptible strains was not different from that by susceptible strains. Pneumococcal pneumonia caused by penicillin- or erythromycin-resistant strains showed similar mortality, severity of illness, or complications to that by susceptible strains. Mortality from pneumococcal meningitis caused by penicillin non-susceptible strains was also similar to that by susceptible strains. CONCLUSION: Data suggest that current situation of in vitro resistance to penicillin or macrolides may not affect the mortality from pneumococal pneumonia or meningitis caused by antibiotic-resistant strains.